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# Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Online: Study Hinduism, Yoga, Sanskrit Online

## Sitemaps
[XML Sitemap](https://ochsonline.org/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages.

## Products
- [Sanskrit: Level 1](https://ochsonline.org/course/sanskrit-level-1-2027-cohort/): We integrate traditional Indian and Western methods to provide an interactive experience of learning Sanskrit. This course is ideal for beginners and those with some experience who would like to reinvigorate their studies. We focus on pronunciation and learning through sound, as well as reading, writing, and a little grammar using chapters from Yogāvatāraṇam: The Translation of Yoga. Joining theory with practice, this course is taught through video lectures, audio, and written material, with weekly assignments to help you learn at home. Now with dedicated Zoom sessions!
- [Masterclass: Reading Hinduism with Wendy Doniger](https://ochsonline.org/course/masterclass-reading-hinduism-with-wendy-doniger/)
- [Hindu Chaplaincy Training (CPE)](https://ochsonline.org/course/chaplaincy/)
- [Advanced Hindu Studies](https://ochsonline.org/course/advanced-hindu-studies/): About the Course A Transformative Journey into Hindu Studies Embark on a unique and rigorous one-year journey into Hindu thought and practice, meticulously developed over two years by Prof. Gavin Flood FBA and a distinguished team of scholars. Commencing 11 October 2026, This unparalleled programme draws directly from The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (first edition, electronic copy provided), edited by Professor Flood. Professor Flood personally tutors this immersive exploration of Hindu texts, philosophies, theologies, rituals, and social contexts across millennia. Lifetime AccessGlobal community
- [Exploring the Yoga Sutras](https://ochsonline.org/course/yoga-sutras/): Patanjali's Yoga Sutras is one of the best known, yet least understood, of all texts on yoga. In this course we read it complete, chapter by chapter and sutra by sutra, following the structure Patanjali himself designed, to understand what he intended and what it means for modern practice. We use Dr Nick Sutton's full modern translation, included with the course, and refer throughout to the traditional commentators. Each sutra is read and discussed in turn. The course runs over eight weeks, tutored by Daniel Simpson, author of The Truth of Yoga, with over eight hours of video lectures, 263 pages of course notes, and an essay for a Completion Certificate. Yoga teachers can log it for 12 hours of Yoga Alliance continuing education. For the wider tradition around the text, see Philosophy of Yoga.
- [Buddhist Meditation](https://ochsonline.org/course/buddhist-meditation/): The Buddha has become a symbol of the peace that is possible for the human mind, yet in his own time he was a revolutionary teacher, one who set aside gender and caste and held that the mind's potential is open to everyone. This course examines his teaching on meditation and the mind, and how it fits into its wider Indian background. We begin with the life of the Buddha as a paradigm for Buddhists of every tradition, then follow the eightfold path and its embodiment of wisdom, ethics, and concentration. Later sessions turn to the psychology of the Abhidhamma, the story traditions of the Jatakas and the Dhammapada, and the practical advice of Buddhaghosa's Path of Purification, the great manual of the meditative life. The course is written and tutored by Dr Sarah Shaw, a faculty member and lecturer at the University of Oxford, fellow of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, and the Khyentse Foundation Reader in Buddhist Studies at the University of South Wales. It is based on her book The Spirit of Buddhist Meditation, and every student receives an electronic copy. The course runs over seven weeks, with nearly five hours of video lectures, a 256-page coursebook, and an essay assessment.
- [Hindu Philosophy: Understanding the Self](https://ochsonline.org/course/hindu-philosophy-understanding-the-self/): Hindu philosophy begins with the self. The Upanishadic question ko'ham, 'who am I?', marks what is most distinctive about Indian thought, and from it flow the great debates about God, time, language, and liberation. This course follows the question of the self through the six classical systems of Hindu philosophy and into the modern world. We begin with the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita, which lay the foundations for the systematic schools: Mimamsa, the philosophy of sacred action and language; Vedanta, the school of knowledge, from Shankara's non-dualism to Ramanuja and Madhva; Samkhya, the enumeration of self and matter that lies behind Patanjali's yoga; and Nyaya-Vaisheshika, with its logic and its arguments for the existence of God. Later sessions turn to non-dual Shaiva philosophy, the new thinking of Chaitanya and the Bengal schools, the nineteenth-century Hindu Renaissance, and the connections between Indian philosophy and modern Phenomenology. The course is written and tutored by Prof. Gavin Flood FBA, Professor of Hindu Studies and Comparative Religion at Oxford University and Academic Director of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. It runs over eight weeks, with four hours of video lectures, a 200-page coursebook, and an essay assessment.
- [Asceticism, Sadhus, and Yoga](https://ochsonline.org/course/asceticism-sadhus-and-yoga-hindu-practices/): Sadhus, the renouncers of India, have practised austerity and yoga for millennia, and they remain a living presence in Hindu religious life today. This course traces the history of Hindu asceticism from its earliest sources to the present, drawing on firsthand ethnographic fieldwork among contemporary sadhus to show how these practices are lived now. We begin with the evolution of asceticism and its tantric and devotional currents, then turn to the major ascetic orders of today, including the Naths, Dasnamis, Ramanandis, and Udasis. Later sessions examine tapas, the generation of spiritual heat through austerity, in both texts and the lives of modern sadhus; hatha-yoga as defined in Sanskrit sources and as understood by ascetics themselves; and the encounter between sadhus and modern global yoga, from social media to Baba Ramdev and the International Day of Yoga. The course is written and tutored by Daniela Bevilacqua, a researcher at CRIA in Lisbon who worked on the ERC-funded Hatha Yoga Project at SOAS and is the author of Modern Hindu Traditionalism in Contemporary India. It runs over seven weeks, with five and a half hours of video lectures, a 168-page coursebook, and an essay assessment.
- [The Evolution of Modern Yoga](https://ochsonline.org/course/the-evolution-of-modern-yoga-online-course/): Yoga began as an ascetic discipline of renunciation. Today it is a global industry built around postures. This course traces how that transformation happened, from traditional texts to contemporary practice, and examines the trends and influential teachers that shaped it. We follow the story from the earliest descriptions of yoga as inward restraint, through the tantric innovations of hatha-yoga, to the twentieth-century systems of asana devised for urban householders in the name of health and wellbeing. Along the way we consider the blending of Samkhya, Vedanta, and Tantra in modern teaching, the gymnastic parallels behind familiar postures, the scientific turn led by Kuvalayananda and Yogendra, the decisive influence of female practitioners, and the politics and business of yoga today. The course is written and tutored by Daniel Simpson (MA in Yoga Studies from SOAS, University of London), author of The Truth of Yoga. It runs over seven weeks, with nearly seven hours of video lectures, a 160-page coursebook, an essay assessment, and invitations to live Zoom sessions with OCHS-affiliated scholars. Everyone who completes the course can receive a certificate for 12 hours of study, which Yoga Alliance-registered teachers can log as continuing education. For more, see our Yoga Studies pathway. Note: This course was formerly taught as The Roots of Modern Yoga.
- [Vaishnavism: History, Teachings, and Practice](https://ochsonline.org/course/vaishnavism-history-teachings-and-practice/): Vaishnavism, the worship of Vishnu and his avatars, is one of the largest of Hinduism's traditions, and it has shaped Hindu thought, ritual, and devotion for more than two thousand years. This course traces that story from Vishnu's earliest appearances in the Vedas to the global Vaishnava movements of today. We follow the tradition's growth through the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Harivamsa, then into the Puranas and Pancaratra texts, before turning to the great teachers and movements of South and North India, from the Alvars and Sri Vaishnavas to the Madhvas and the devotional flowering of the Vraja region. Later sessions examine what sets Vaishnava practice apart, including initiation, meditation, kirtana, and diet. Throughout, the traditions speak for themselves through their own texts. The course was created by Dr Måns Broo and runs over seven sessions, with 4 hours 45 minutes of video lectures, a 201-page coursebook, and invitations to three general-interest Zoom sessions. You may also be interested in our course on Shaivism, or explore more courses in Hindu Traditions.
- [Hinduism and Popular Religious Art](https://ochsonline.org/course/hinduism-and-popular-religious-art/): Over the past two centuries Hinduism has taken up print, cinema, and the graphic novel, turning each new medium into a canvas for the gods. This on-demand course tells that story through more than 25 hours of richly illustrated video, tracing how popular art has reshaped the way the divine is seen, sold, and worshipped in India. We begin in the early lithography workshops of Calcutta and Bombay, where traditional folk arts met the printing press, then follow the story through textile trade labels, the paintings and press of Raja Ravi Varma, and the allegorical images of Bharat Mata that helped galvanise the movement for Indian Independence. Later sessions turn to the 'mythological' genre in Indian cinema, and to comics and graphic novels including Amruta Patil's Adi Parva. Throughout, the course combines religious studies with art history, examining technique, design, and how representations of the divine mirror a changing Hindu society. The course was created by Dr Layne Little. It is an on-demand course of eight sessions with 25 hours of video lectures, a 43-page illustrated coursebook, and invitations to three general-interest Zoom sessions. Enrol anytime and study at your own pace, with lifetime access. For more courses on Hindu Culture, click here.
- [Hinduism, Yoga, and Ecology](https://ochsonline.org/course/hinduism-yoga-and-ecology/): Hindu texts have reflected on the natural world for three thousand years, from the Atharva Veda's hymn to the earth to the Bhagavad Gita's ethics of action. This course asks what those traditions, and the practices of Yoga, can offer the environmental crises of our own time. We begin with the Vedas and Upanishads, from the Prithivi Sukta's praise of the earth to India's sacred geography of rivers and mountains. From there we follow the three Yogas of the Bhagavad Gita and the ethics of the Yoga Sutra, the elemental meditations of the Yogavasishtha, and the animal stories of the Pancatantra. The course ends in the present, with eco-activists Vandana Shiva, Sunderlal Bahuguna, and M.C. Mehta, and with communities such as Navdanya and Govardhan Eco-village that are putting these ideals to work. The course runs over eight weeks, created and tutored by Prof. Christopher Key Chapple, founding director of the MA in Yoga Studies at Loyola Marymount University and author of more than twenty books. There are weekly video lectures (six and a half hours in all), 166 pages of course notes and an essay for a Completion Certificate. No prior knowledge is needed.
- [Mahabharata: India’s Epic](https://ochsonline.org/course/mahabharata/): The Mahabharata is the longest epic poem ever composed: over 200,000 lines telling of the war between the Pandavas and the Kauravas, of Krishna's part in it, and of the order of dharma the war throws into question. Much of Hinduism as we know it took shape through this text. In this seven-week course we begin with a survey of all eighteen parvans, then study the principal characters, from Arjuna and Bhishma to Karna, and the three great women of the epic, Draupadi, Gandhari, and Kunti. From there we turn to Kṛṣṇa as avatara of Vishnu in one of the earliest works of Vaishnava theism, to the meaning of dharma, and finally to the philosophical teachings of the Shanti and Anushasana parvans. The course was created by Dr Nick Sutton, who has been teaching and writing on the Mahabharata for four decades, and is tutored by Dr Raj Balkaran, a scholar of Sanskrit narrative texts. There are weekly video lectures (nearly eight hours in all), 255 pages of course notes, and an essay for a Completion Certificate. No prior knowledge is needed. For a self-paced survey of both epics, see our on-demand Mahabharata and Ramayana course.
- [Tantra: A New Understanding](https://ochsonline.org/course/tantra/): The Sanskrit word 'tantra' refers to texts regarded as revelation from Shiva that arose in early medieval India. This new religion spread quickly, attracted the patronage of kings, and travelled to South-East Asia and on into China and Japan. Few traditions have divided opinion so sharply: the Indologist Monier-Williams called the Tantras 'mere manuals of mystics, magic, and superstition of the worst and most silly kind', while the twentieth-century guru Osho called Tantra an experience beyond words. In this course we study what the Tantric traditions are: their origins and core texts, their ritual and yoga, their dualist and non-dualist philosophies, and their continuing life in India and Nepal, ending with Tantra in the modern West. The course runs over seven weeks, created and tutored by Prof. Gavin Flood FBA, Academic Director of the OCHS and author of The Tantric Body, with over four hours of video lectures, 200 pages of course notes and an essay for a Completion Certificate.
- [Women in the Hindu World](https://ochsonline.org/course/women-in-hinduism/): In Hindu thought the feminine is the source of cosmic power, worshipped as the Great Goddess. But what has that meant for actual women? This course traces the conception of women in Hinduism from the Vedic age to the present: women's access to sacred knowledge, the scriptures that came to regulate their lives, the poet-saints who defied those rules, the home rituals in which women lead worship, and the changes modernity has brought to gender, religious identity, and women's self-determination. The course runs over seven weeks, created by Mandakranta Bose and tutored by Gitte Poulsen, with five hours of video lectures, 202 pages of course notes, an essay for a Completion Certificate, and optional live Zoom sessions. No prior knowledge is needed.
- [The Yoga of the Hathapradipika](https://ochsonline.org/course/hatha-pradipika/): The Hathapradipika, compiled in the fifteenth century, is the classic manual of hatha yoga: the text that gathered the earlier practices into a single system and shaped almost everything taught as yoga since. In this course we read it chapter by chapter, covering asana, pranayama, the mudras and the subtle body, and finally samadhi and the goal of practice, setting the text in its tantric and Nath tradition background throughout. The course runs over seven weeks, created and tutored by Gitte Poulsen, with over five and a half hours of video lectures released weekly, 70 pages of course notes, and an essay for a Completion Certificate. For how these practices became modern postural yoga, see The Evolution of Modern Yoga.
- [Hindu Devotional Music and Chant](https://ochsonline.org/course/hinduism-sacred-sound-chant-music/): Sound holds a special place in Hinduism. Worship is sung and chanted, from the syllable Om and Vedic recitation to mantra, and above all the kirtan and bhajan singing at the heart of devotional life. In this course we study Hindu sacred sound from its foundations in the Vedas through to the classical devotional music of the great Vaishnava traditions, with recorded examples to listen to in every session. Musical training is not required. The course runs over seven weeks, created and tutored by Prof. Guy Beck, author of the first comprehensive study of sacred sound in the Hindu religion and a performing vocalist in the Hindustani classical tradition. It includes over eight hours of video lectures, 111 pages of course notes, and a tutor-moderated discussion forum.
- [Hindu Temples](https://ochsonline.org/course/hindu-temples/): A Hindu temple is built to engage every sense of the worshipper. In this course we study temple architecture, iconography, and ritual together, from the great northern and southern Indian styles to the distinctive traditions of Kerala, Nepal, Bali, and Vietnam, and on to the temples of the modern diaspora. Throughout, we ask how art, architecture, and symbolism work in concert to shape the experience of the divine. This is a self-paced course, created by Dr Layne Little, and it is our most visual: nearly seventeen hours of richly illustrated video across seven sessions, with readings in place of the usual course book. Begin whenever you like, with lifetime access. From the same creator, see also Hinduism and Popular Religious Art.
- [Vedanta and Samkhya Philosophy](https://ochsonline.org/course/vedanta-samkhya-philosophy/): Vedanta and Samkhya are two of the six classical systems of Hindu philosophy, and two that have shaped the tradition most deeply. In this course we study the great teachers of Vedanta: Shankaracharya and the Advaita school, including his life and works, then Ramanuja and Madhvacharya and their rival readings. We then turn to Samkhya, ending with a close reading of the Samkhya Karika, its principal text. The course opens with a brief survey of all six systems, so no prior knowledge is needed. It runs over seven weeks, tutored by Dr Raj Balkaran, with weekly video lectures, 119 pages of course notes, and a tutor-moderated discussion forum. For related courses, see Hindu Philosophy: Understanding the Self and Three Short Upanishads.
- [Three Short Upanishads](https://ochsonline.org/course/three-short-upanishads/): The Kena, the Isha, and the Mandukya are among the most important of the Upanishads, and also the shortest. Because they are short, we can read all three complete, verse by verse, with commentaries ranging from Shankaracharya and Gaudapada to Swami Prabhupada, comparing Advaita and Vaishnava readings of the same verses. The course runs over seven weeks, tutored by Dr Raj Balkaran, and includes guest lectures recorded by Dr Jessica Frazier of the OCHS. There are weekly video lectures, 62 pages of course notes, and a tutor-moderated discussion forum. No prior knowledge is needed. For a broader survey of the literature, see our Vedas and Upanishads course; the two complement each other well.
- [Vedas and Upanishads](https://ochsonline.org/course/vedas-upanishads/): The Vedas and Upanishads are the foundational texts of Hindu thought. They are the source of the hymns, rituals, and philosophical dialogues from which almost everything later flows. In this seven-week course, we read carefully selected passages from the Rig Veda and from the major Upanishads — the Brihad Aranyaka, Chandogya, Katha, Isha, and Shvetashvatara — moving from broad context to close interpretation, with recordings of traditional recitation alongside the readings. The course was created by Dr Nick Sutton and is tutored by Daniel Simpson, with weekly video lectures, 92 pages of course notes, and a tutor-moderated discussion forum. No prior knowledge is needed. If you'd like to see what else we teach, browse our other courses.
- [The Puranas](https://ochsonline.org/course/puranas/): Many of the stories at the heart of modern Hinduism come from the Puranas rather than the Vedas or the epics. Krishna's childhood, the avataras of Vishnu, and the exploits of the great Goddess are all told in these texts. In this course we read selected passages from three of the eighteen major Puranas. The Bhagavata Purana gives us Narasimha, Prahlada, and the childhood and love affairs of Krishna; the Shiva Purana, the theology and worship of Shiva; and the Markandeya Purana, the Devi Mahatmya and the Goddess's battle with Mahishasura. This is a self-paced course, created by Dr Nick Sutton. Begin whenever you like, with nearly four and a half hours of video lectures across seven sessions, 204 pages of course notes, and lifetime access.
- [Mahabharata and Ramayana](https://ochsonline.org/course/mahabharata-ramayana/): Hinduism's two great epics, studied side by side. In this course we survey the stories, principal characters, and religious teachings of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana: two tellings of the Deity's descent to earth, and a very different vision of Hindu dharma from the one found in the Upanishads. This is a self-paced course, created by Dr Nick Sutton. Begin whenever you like, with just over four hours of video lectures across seven sessions, 123 pages of course notes, and lifetime access. For a deeper study of the first epic, see our tutored course Mahabharata: India's Epic.
- [Philosophy of Yoga](https://ochsonline.org/course/yoga-philosophy/): How did a tradition aimed at stilling the mind and liberating the self become the posture practice we know today? This course traces yoga's philosophy from its earliest sources to the modern world: the Upanishads and the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita, Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, and the Tantric and Hatha traditions that reshaped practice toward the body. The course runs over seven weeks and is tutored by Daniel Simpson, author of The Truth of Yoga, with video lectures, 194 pages of course notes, and our own translations of the Gita and the Yoga Sutras included. It counts toward Yoga Alliance continuing education. For other yoga courses, see the Yoga Studies pathway.

## 
- [One Year Advanced Online Course Nears Completion](https://ochsonline.org/?p=37663): For the past two years, Prof. Gavin Flood and his team have been working on the creation of a One Year Advanced Hindu Studies Course. It is now being readied for January launch.
- [Dharma Masterclass with Prof. Patrick Olivelle](https://ochsonline.org/?p=36403): Last year we held a very successful masterclass with Prof. Gavin Flood on Tantra. The combination of a hugely important and popular topic with a globally-leading scholar proved compelling.
- [New Course on Brahma Sutra](https://ochsonline.org/?p=36402): One of the most exciting Hindu Studies books in recent years has been Aleksandar Uskokov’s Philosophy of the Brahma Sutra.
- [New Bhagavata Purana Course Launches](https://ochsonline.org/?p=36351): We are delighted to announce the launch our newest course Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition.
- [New Course: Spirit of Buddhist Meditation](https://ochsonline.org/?p=36344): There are many religious and spiritual traditions in India that aren’t Hinduism. These have been heavily influenced by Hinduism and many have influenced the development of Hinduism. And so it is that we are delighted to launch the first of our courses on a related tradition: Buddhism!
- [Chapter Download: Moksha Dharma Parvan of the Mahabharata](https://ochsonline.org/?p=36341): DOWNLOAD YOUR SAMPLE CHAPTER HERE.
- [Upcoming Year-Long Course](https://ochsonline.org/?p=36283): Our Academic Director, Prof Gavin Flood has now compiled two editions of the Blackwell Companion to Hinduism – a collection of essays by the world's pre-eminent scholars of Hinduism. It covers all the big areas of a very big topic:
- [Oxford Day Schools Return](https://ochsonline.org/?p=34209): Prior to Covid, we routinely held day- and weekend-schools in Oxford. An excellent opportunity for students to meet scholars and each other in a convivial environment.
- [The Roots of Modern Yoga: Free Course Preview](https://ochsonline.org/?p=33765): How did an ascetic approach to renouncing the world become a globalised industry focused on postures? In our newest course – The Roots of Modern Yoga – we explore the development of modern forms of yoga, from traditional texts to contemporary practices. In the process, we highlight trends – as well as influential teachers – that have shaped this evolution.
- [Guru Online Weekend School](https://ochsonline.org/?p=33583): Enrolments are now open for our newest Online Weekend School – The Guru in Hindu Traditions.
- [Kathmandu Summer School](https://ochsonline.org/?p=33582): The team at the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies have produced a Two Week Study programme in Kathmandu.
- [Welcoming Prof. Gavin Flood to the Team](https://ochsonline.org/?p=33581): In 2008, the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies started teaching online with a single course: Understanding Hindu Identity.
- [Two New Courses: Vaishnavism and Colonial Hinduism](https://ochsonline.org/?p=33575): Over the Summer our Course Development Board has worked hard to give us two new courses for the upcoming term: Vaishnavism (by Dr Måns Broo) and Colonial Hinduism by (Dr Amiya Sen).
- [Zoom Sessions for January Term](https://ochsonline.org/?p=33565): We're been running our Zoom Sessions – open to all enrolled students – for over a year and the response has been very positive.
- [New Course: The Roots of Modern Yoga](https://ochsonline.org/?p=33563): Our newest course, The Roots of Modern Yoga, is now open for enrolments.
- [Sneak Preview: Introduction to Hindu Philosophy](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31732): Here's the first session of our course, Introduction to Hindu Philosophy. This is one of our most special courses. It gives an excellent overview of many of the most important schools of Hindu thought. Notes are prepared by Dr Nick Sutton who also delivers the lectures. It has bonus lectures by the OCHS's Dr Jessica Frazier and is expertly tutored by Dr Raj Balkaran.
- [Interview Between Dr Raj Balkaran and Daniel Simpson](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31730): As part of his wide-ranging and informative podcast series, New Books in Hindu Studies, Dr Raj Balkaran interview Daniel Simpson on his new book, The Truth of Yoga. Raj and Daniel are two of our best (and best-liked) tutors so this is of special interest to the OCHS and its students. You can access it here.
- [Sneak Preview: Exploring the Yoga Sutras](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31728): To celebrate the launch of Exploring the Yoga Sutras, the newest course on our Yoga Studies Pathway, we're sharing a chapter from the course-book and a video lecture looking at some of the sutras from the Samadhi Pada.
- [Lockdown Stories: A Talk by the Director of the OCHS](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31726): As we begin a new year, a new strain of virus, and a new lockdown, some of us may think 2020 was not so bad after all.
- [Pipelines and Pathways](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31724): For the past year or so, our freshly minted Course Development Board has been working hard to guide new courses through the pipeline to completion.
- [Our Newest Course: Mahabharata – India’s Epic](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31722): As many of our longstanding students will know, the Mahabharata is a topic dear to Dr Sutton's heart. For years now he has wanted to bring his nearly five decades of reading, studying, and teaching of this epic text to bear on creating an all new course. And it's now complete!
- [Free Talk: Importance of Hindu Studies](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31720): A vital part of our onlinne course program is our regular Zoom sessions.
- [Sponsored courses to Indian residents](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31718): Due to the generosity of one of our alumni we were able to offer courses to 17 students at no charge.
- [Dharma and humanity: A talk by Dr Nick Sutton](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19854): A lecture given by Dr Nick Sutton on 11 July 2020.
- [Bhagavad Gita & Yoga Sutra translations and study guides](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19601): Mandala Publishing, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, approached us with an offer to publish our Gita and Yoga Sutras texts. They offer beautifully produced books with proper marketing and a much broader reach.
- [Download a free chapter from the Yoga Sutras](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19599): We'd like to share the introduction and first chapter of Dr Sutton's Yoga Sutras.
- [OCHS Annual Report 2019](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19596): Apart from online courses, text translations, and weekend schools, what else does the OCHS do? Good question!
- [Shaivism: A sneak preview of our newest course](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19532): A new year deserves new courses.
- [Weekend School 14–15 March 2020: Rethinking Tantra](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19530): Our newest weekend school covers Tantra, one of the most misunderstood traditions in Hinduism.
- [Introducing Learning Pathways](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19528): One consequence of the growth in the number of OCHS Online courses has been the temptation to become overwhelmed by choice. 
- [New course: Women in Hinduism](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19526): For production of this course we brought our A-Team: Mandakranta Bose, Jessica Frazier, and Gitte Poulsen.
- [Lockdown/Covid resources](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19517): For many, this troubled time allows us to find a deeper understanding of our world and its ways. And if that's you, then we'd like to help. Here's how...
- [Our most popular courses](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19511): Sometimes we need data to help with learning decisions. Here's what your fellow students are learning.
- [From Me to We: 23–24 May 2020, Our first online retreat](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19512): Join us on our first ever online retreat. Combining two of our most popular topics – Sanskrit and Yoga Philosophy – to help find a way through this challenging time.
- [New courses in the pipeline](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19497): We are working hard at finding brilliant new course developers to create brilliant new courses for you. We try not to talk about new courses until they're ready, but there's so much good stuff in the pipeline that we have to share it.
- [Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Online](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27684): One of the keys to the success of the OCHS Continuing Education Department has been the people we bring on board. If you take a look at our Course Team page, you'll see exactly what I mean. We have over a dozen scholars from Oxford and around the world making Hindu Studies accessible.
- [Welcoming our newest team member](https://ochsonline.org/?p=19491): Today we're delighted to announce our newest team member, Dr Raj Balkaran. Raj is at the University of Toronto. He's a teacher of Sanskrit texts and a prolific author.

## 
- [Prof. Finn Moore Gerety](https://ochsonline.org/?p=36897): Prof. Gerety is a Senior Research Fellow in the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (AMES) at the University of Oxford, and a historian of Asian religions. His research centres on Sanskrit texts and Hindu rituals, particularly mantras. He co-leads the "Mantras in Religion, Media and Society in Global Southern Asia" (MANTRAMS) project, funded by a European Research Council Synergy Grant. His upcoming book, All This is OM, will be the first scholarly monograph on the sacred syllable OM.
- [Dr Premraj Neupane](https://ochsonline.org/?p=36867): Associate Professor, Department of Buddhist Philosophy and Sanskrit Language Studies at Nepal Sanskrit University.
- [Aleksandar Uskokov](https://ochsonline.org/?p=36386): Aleksandar Uskokov is a scholar specialising in Indian philosophy and the history of ideas, particularly within the traditions of Vedānta, Mīmāṁsā, and Vaishnavism. He is a Senior Lector in Sanskrit at the South Asian Studies Council at Yale University. Aleksandar holds a PhD in South Asian Languages and Civilizations from the University of Chicago.
- [Dr Sarah Shaw](https://ochsonline.org/?p=35978): Sarah Shaw is a longtime practitioner and teacher of Buddhism. She is a fellow of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies and faculty member and lecturer at the University of Oxford. She is the Khyentse Foundation Reader in Buddhist Studies, University of South Wales. She has taught and published numerous works on the history and practices of Buddhism, including Mindfulness and Spirit of Buddhist Meditation.
- [Prof. Patrick Olivelle](https://ochsonline.org/?p=35649): Patrick Olivelle is Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions at the University of Texas at Austin. He is also a Senior Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies.
- [Natasha Chawla](https://ochsonline.org/?p=35605): Natasha Chawla is a DPhil Candidate in the Faculty of Theology and Religion at the University of Oxford, focusing on Tagore’s Nature Philosophy. Her work and interests include Environmental Philosophy and Hinduism in particular Vedanta, Patanjali Yoga Sutras, and Inter and Intrafaith dialogue. 
- [Dr Kenneth Valpey](https://ochsonline.org/?p=35443): Ken Valpey is one of the OCHS’s early students receiving his Doctorate from the University of Oxford in 2004. He is a theologian with a particular interest in animal ethics. He is an OCHS Fellow and a co-director of our Bhagavata Purana Research Project.
- [Prof. Ravi Gupta](https://ochsonline.org/?p=35432): Ravi was an early Doctoral student at the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. He now holds the Charles Redd Chair of Religious Studies and serves as Professor and Department Head of the Department of History at Utah State University. He is the author or editor of four books, including an abridged translation of the Bhagavata Purana with Kenneth Valpey (Columbia University Press, 2017). Ravi has received four teaching awards, a National Endowment for the Humanities summer fellowship, and two research fellowships at Oxford. He is a Permanent Research Fellow of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies and a past president of the Society for Hindu Christian Studies. His current research focuses on the Bhagavata Purana’s Sanskrit commentaries.
- [Daniela Bevilacqua](https://ochsonline.org/?p=34708): Daniela Bevilacqua is an Indianist specialising in Hindu asceticism, investigated through an ethnographic and historical perspective. She is currently a researcher at CRIA (ISCTE-IUL) in Lisbon. She worked as a post-doctoral researcher at SOAS, for the ERC-funded Haṭha Yoga Project (2015–2020). She is the author of Modern Hindu Traditionalism in Contemporary India, published by Routledge; From Tapas to Modern Yoga forthcoming in 2024 published by Equinox,; and several articles and book chapters on topics related to Hindu religious tradition, gender, and embodied practices.
- [Prof. Gopal Gupta](https://ochsonline.org/?p=32938): Gopal Gupta is an Indian philosopher and Joe Dunham Distinguished Professor of Ethics at Aurora University. Previously, he was a professor of philosophy and religion at the University of Evansville. Gopal is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies (JHCS)
- [Simon Haas](https://ochsonline.org/?p=32936): Simon is an author and teacher of yoga philosophy who specialises in applying yoga wisdom to everyday life. From the age of 13, Simon began studying the sacred texts of India and spent ten years living in temples and monasteries in India. He apprenticed for sixteen years with an elderly master-practitioner in the Vedānta tradition. Simon is author of the international bestseller The Book of Dharma: Making Enlightened Choices, published in six languages. His most recent book, Yoga and the Dark Night of the Soul, explores how crisis and difficulty can form part of our yoga path. Simon has delivered seminars and workshops in fourteen countries and at leading yoga festivals internationally. In 2019, he presented at the United Nations and provided training to the UN’s dispute resolution division. Simon graduated with honours from the University of Cambridge and holds a masters in comparative religion with distinction from the University of Oxford. He is currently completing doctoral studies in Oxford.
- [Dr Arun Brahmbhatt](https://ochsonline.org/?p=32428): Arun is Assistant Professor of South Asian Religions at St. Lawrence University, New York. His research is focused on Sanskrit scholastic traditions in colonial and contemporary western India. He is interested more broadly in print culture, the historiography of Vedānta, and the genealogy of religious traditions in Gujarat and the Gujarati diaspora. He is currently the Shivdasani Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies and a director of its “Rethinking Hinduism in Colonial India” research project.
- [Prof. Tony K. Stewart](https://ochsonline.org/?p=32421): Tony K. Stewart is the Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Chair in Humanities, Emeritus, at Vanderbilt University. He is a specialist in the religions and literatures of the Bengali-speaking world. His publications include Witness to Marvels: Sufism and the Literary Imagination (University of California Press) and The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritamrta and the Grammar of Religious Tradition (OUP).
- [Prof. Archana Venkatesan](https://ochsonline.org/?p=32419): Archana is Professor of Religious Studies and Comparative Literature at UC Davis. The Secret Garland, her study and translation of the ninth-century Tamil woman poet Antal, was published by Oxford University Press in 2009. She is the recipient of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Institute of Indian Studies, Fulbright, and the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies.
- [Prof. Amiya P. Sen](https://ochsonline.org/?p=32410): Amiya Prosad Sen is a historian with an interest in the intellectual and cultural history of modern India. A previous Shivadasani Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies and Heinrich Zimmer Chair at the South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, he has served as Professor of Modern Indian History at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. He has been Agatha Harrison Fellow to the University of Oxford and Visiting Fellow to the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, and the Centre for Contemporary Studies, Nehru Memorial Museum & Library, New Delhi. During 2007–08, he was Tagore professor at Vishwa Bharati, Shantiniketan.
- [Dr Rembert Lutjeharms](https://ochsonline.org/?p=32407): Rembert is the Librarian and fellow at the OCHS and Associate Faculty Member at the Theology and Religion Faculty at Oxford University. He is an editor of the Journal of Hindu Studies, published by Oxford University Press. Rembert holds undergraduate and graduate degrees in Oriental Studies (Indology) from the University of Ghent, Belgium, 2003. He successfully completed his D.Phil. in Theology at the University of Oxford in 2010, focusing on the theology of the sixteenth-century Caitanya Vaishvana poet and literary critic Kavikarnapura. 
- [Dr Bihani Sarkar](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31930): Bihani Sarkar holds an associate faculty membership of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford, a Research Membership of the Senior Common Room, Wolfson College, University of Oxford and a part time fixed term Lectureship in Religious Studies: Hinduism and Buddhism at the University of Winchester. At Winchester she convenes two undergraduate modules, ‘Living Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism’, and ‘Hinduism and Modernity’. She is the author of Heroic Shāktism: the cult of Durgā in Ancient Indian Kingship and Classical Sanskrit Tragedy: the concept of suffering and pathos in medieval India. 
- [Dr Måns Broo](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31871): Måns Broo is a senior lecturer in Religious Studies at Åbo Akademi University, Finland. His research interests include yoga, tantra, and Gaudiya Vaishnavism. Dr Broo is a Research Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies.
- [Prof. Christopher Key Chapple](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31043): Christopher Key Chapple is Doshi Professor of Indic and Comparative Theology and founding director of the Master of Arts in Yoga Studies at Loyola Marymount University (LMU). in Los Angeles. 
- [Prof. Hugh B. Urban](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27237): Hugh B. Urban is interested in the study of secrecy in religion, particularly in relation to questions of knowledge and power. Focusing primarily on the traditions of South Asia, he is author of Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics and Power in the Study of Religion (2003) and Magia Sexualis: Sex, Magic, and Liberation in Modern Western Esotericism (2006), among other books.
- [Dr Arti Dhand](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27204): Arti Dhand is Associate Professor of South Asian Religion at the University of Toronto. Her research interests include the Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and The Mahabharata, and she is the author of Woman as Fire, Woman as Sage. Most recently, she is also host of The Mahabharata Podcast. 
- [Dr Adam Bowles](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27203): Dr Adam Bowles is Senior Lecturer in Asian Religions at The University of Queensland in Australia. He has published three volumes concerning the Mahabharata. Two of these are translations of the Karṇaparvan published with the Clay Sanskrit Library. The other, entitled Dharma, disorder and the political in Ancient India: The Āpaddharmaparvan of the Mahābhārata, is a study of one of the didactic corpora belonging to the Santiparvan. He is also currently working on a large project titled The Queensland Atlas of Religion and begun translating the Critical Edition of the Mahabharata’s Anusasanaparvan. 
- [Dr Ilanit Loewy Shacham](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27202): Prof. Ilanit Loewy Shacham is Assistant Professor at the Department of East Asian Studies at Tel Aviv University. Her research focuses on premodern and classical South Asian literature in Telugu and Sanskrit.
- [Dr Harshita M. Kamath](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27201): Harshita Mruthinti Kamath is Visweswara Rao and Sita Koppaka Assistant Professor of Telugu Culture Literature and History at the Department of Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies at Emory University. Her research focuses on Telugu performance and literary performance traditions.
- [Prof. James Hegarty](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27200): James Marcel Hegarty is Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions at Cardiff University. He is fascinated by the history of religions in South Asia. He has written on Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Sikh and Christian traditions in the region. In particular, he is interested in how religious texts, and especially religious stories, are used by South Asians to communicate and negotiate their understanding of themselves and the world around them. This includes not just what we ordinarily associate with religion, such as ideas of god or gods, or the nature of the good life, but also other forms of knowledge, such as the way in which the past is understood, or political life, or language itself.
- [Dr Shubha Pathak](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27198): Shubha Pathak, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Religion, American University, interprets epic myths from India, Greece, and Rome.  Having authored Divine Yet Human Epics: Reflections of Poetic Rulers from Ancient Greece and India, she is a Steering Committee member of the American Academy of Religion’s Mahābhārata and Classical Hinduism Seminar.
- [Dr Greg Bailey](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27197): Greg Bailey, formerly Reader in Sanskrit, is an Honorary Research Fellow in the School of Linguistics and Culture, La Trobe University, Melbourne. He has published translations and studies of the Gaṇeśa Purāṇa, Bhartṛhari’s Śatakatrayam and books on early Buddhism, Australian politics and many articles on Sanskrit literature.
- [Dr Simon Brodbeck](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27196): Simon Brodbeck studied at the University of Cambridge and at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He is a Reader in Religious Studies at Cardiff University, where he has worked since 2008. His books include The Mahabharata Patriline and Krishna’s Lineage: the Harivamsha of Vyasa’s Mahabharata. 
- [Dr Christopher Austin](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27195): Christopher R. Austin is an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he lectures widely on the religious traditions of India, China, Japan and Tibet. His research focuses chiefly on the Sanskrit epics, Krishna and his son Pradyumna, and early Vaishnavism.
- [Dr Hillary Rodrigues](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27192): Hillary Rodrigues is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Lethbridge. His books include Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess and the co-edited Nine Nights of the Goddess. His digital publications include Hinduism-the eBook and Eastern Religions: Understanding Our Religious World. He has been honoured with his institution’s Distinguished Teaching Medal.
- [Dr Caleb Simmons](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27191): Caleb Simmons is an associate professor of Religious Studies and specialises in religion in South Asia, especially Hinduism. He is the author of Devotional Sovereignty: Kingship and Religion in India, and edited (with Moumita Sen and Hillary Rodrigues) the scholarly collection of essays titled Nine Nights of the Goddess: The Navarātri Festival in South Asia.
- [Noor van Brussel](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27190): Noor van Brussel combines a research position at the Erasmus University Brussels with lecturing Sanskrit at Ghent University. Her scholarship focuses on regional goddess worship, exploring the relationships between pre-modern religious text and contemporary ritual practice. She has authored several publications on narrative strategy in the Bhadrakāḷīmāhātmya, a South Indian purāṇa devoted to the regional goddess Bhadrakāḷī slaying her asura opponent.
- [Dr Brenda Beck](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27189): Brenda Beck holds a D.Phil. from Oxford (1968). Her thesis built around several years of research work in the villages of Tamil Nadu. Since then, she has taught at several North American universities and lectured at many more around the world. She has twice been a Guest Lecturer in India courtesy of the Indian Government. She has authored and/or edited eight books and more than fifty articles, mainly focused on the rich traditions and beliefs shared by Hindus in the rural areas of Kongu Nadu, a part of Tamil Nadu.
- [Dr Tracy Coleman](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27188): Tracy Coleman is Professor of Religion at Colorado College in Colorado, USA, and the editor of Oxford Bibliographies: Hinduism. She is a scholar of gender and bhakti traditions, especially Krishna-bhakti in the Sanskrit epics and purāṇas, and has published studies on the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Gītagovinda, and Sanskrit commentary. 
- [Dr Vasudha Narayanan](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27187): Vasudha Narayanan is Distinguished Professor of Religion and the Director for the Center for the Study of Hindu Traditions (CHiTra) at the University of Florida, and a past President of the American Academy of Religion. She is an associate editor of the six-volume Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Her research has been supported by the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation,  the Centre for Khmer Studies, the American Council of Learned Societies, National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Institute of Indian Studies/ Smithsonian, and the Social Science Research Council. She is the author or editor of several books and numerous articles and chapters in books.
- [Dr Tracy Pintchman](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27186): Tracy Pintchman is a professor of religious studies and director of the Global and International Studies Program at Loyola University of Chicago. Her scholarly publications include five edited and coedited volumes and two books. Her current book, Goddess Beyond Boundaries: Worshipping the Eternal Mother at a North American Hindu Temple, is under contract with Oxford University Press.
- [Dr Silje Lyngar Einarsen](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27185): Silje Lyngar Einarsen is co-manager of the Śākta Traditions research programme at the OCHS and postdoctoral fellow at MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society. Her Ph.D. thesis treated the ritual role and reception of the Devīmāhātmya, combining textual research and fieldwork methods. She is co-author of a Danish standard introduction to Hinduism and an upcoming new translation of the Haṭhapradīpikā. Her current research project is on the Kālikāpurāṇa.
- [Dr Amanda Lucia](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27184): Anya Foxen is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies and Women’s and Gender Studies at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, USA. She is a yoga teacher and long-time practitioner. Her scholarship bridges yogic and Western esoteric traditions. Her most recent book is Inhaling Spirit: Harmonialism, Orientalism, and the Western Roots of Modern Yoga.
- [Dr Stuart Ray Sarbacker](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27183): Anya Foxen is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies and Women’s and Gender Studies at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, USA. She is a yoga teacher and long-time practitioner. Her scholarship bridges yogic and Western esoteric traditions. Her most recent book is Inhaling Spirit: Harmonialism, Orientalism, and the Western Roots of Modern Yoga.
- [Dr Patton Burchett](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27182): Anya Foxen is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies and Women’s and Gender Studies at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, USA. She is a yoga teacher and long-time practitioner. Her scholarship bridges yogic and Western esoteric traditions. Her most recent book is Inhaling Spirit: Harmonialism, Orientalism, and the Western Roots of Modern Yoga.
- [Dr Anya Foxen](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27181): Anya Foxen is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies and Women’s and Gender Studies at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, USA. She is a yoga teacher and long-time practitioner. Her scholarship bridges yogic and Western esoteric traditions. Her most recent book is Inhaling Spirit: Harmonialism, Orientalism, and the Western Roots of Modern Yoga.
- [Dr Andrea R. Jain](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27180): Andrea R. Jain is associate professor of religious studies at Indiana University, Indianapolis, editor of the Journal of the American Academy of Religion, and author of Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture (Oxford 2014) and Peace Love Yoga: The Politics of Global Spirituality (Oxford, 2020). Her research areas include religion and capital; global spirituality and modern yoga; gender, sexuality, and religion; and theories of religion.
- [Dr Theodora Wildcroft](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27179): Theo Wildcroft, PhD is a yoga teacher, trainer, writer and scholar. Her research considers the democratization of yoga post-lineage, and the many different ways yoga communities of practice are evolving. She is a founder member of Alt-ac.uk, a Visiting Fellow at the Open University, and Project Co-ordinator for the SOAS Centre of Yoga Studies.
- [Dr Suzanne Newcombe](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27178): Suzanne Newcombe is Senior Lecturer in Religious Studies at the Open University and Honorary Director of Inform, based at King’s College London. Suzanne has been researching the social history and contemporary practice of yoga in Britain and Indian in the modern period for nearly twenty years. In addition to numerous book chapters and articles, she had produced a monograph Yoga in Britain (2019) and co-edited the Routledge Handbook of Yoga and Meditation Studies (2020) with Karen O’Brien-Kop.
- [Dr Janaki Nair](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27175): Janaki Nair is researching semiotics in ancient cultural and religious practices using visual anthropological methods. She is a documentary film maker and also a member of OCHS Sakta traditions research project.
- [Prema Goet](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27174): Prema is a multi-disciplinary researcher in the culture and languages of South Asia. He holds a degree in South Asian Studies and Sanskrit from SOAS, where he also obtained his Master's degree in Philosophy and Religion (Traditions of Yoga and Meditation). Prema works with practitioners from India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, documenting and producing works on tantric rituals, the worship of Goddess(es), and yogic practices. He is a documentary researcher for the OCHS Sākta Traditions project.
- [Dr Alan Herbert](https://ochsonline.org/?p=27171): With a D.Phil. in Theology and Religion at Oxford, Alan is a Post-doctoral Research Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. His current projects include philosophical approaches to the Vaiṣṇava concept of God and the intersection between Hinduism and secular society.
- [Prof. Gavin Flood](https://ochsonline.org/?p=26610): Prof. Gavin Flood is Professor of Hindu Studies and Comparative Religion at Oxford University, Academic Director of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, and Senior Research Fellow at Campion Hall. His publications include Religion and the Philosophy of Life (2019), The Truth Within: A History of Inwardness in Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism (2013), The Importance of Religion: Meaning and Action in Our Strange World (2012), and The Ascetic Self: Subjectivity, Memory, and Tradition (2004). He is also the General Editor of the series ‘The Oxford History of Hinduism’ and is a Fellow of the British Academy.
- [Dr Lucian Wong](https://ochsonline.org/?p=25686): Lucian Wong is a Post-Doctoral fellow of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies (OCHS), University of Oxford, UK and is Co-Director of the Bengali Vaiṣṇavism in the Modern Period Project of the OCHS.
- [Danny MacGregor](https://ochsonline.org/?p=25682): Danny is an independent film maker, camera operator, and DP. He started his career in the industry as a child actor, finally moving into the technical side of film making in 2010. His talent is to tell engaging stories, factual or fictional, with strong visual images.

## 
- [Do Hindus worship one God or many?](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31885): Hindu Gods, one or many? This is one of the big questions people have about Hinduism and it relates to the question of whether Hinduism is one religion or an umbrella term for many religions.
- [Caste: What is it? Is it bad?](https://ochsonline.org/?p=31768): Caste is one of the most controversial and misunderstood aspects of Hinduism. Many in the west consider it an evil. In his course: Hinduism: Ritual, Yoga, Caste, and Gender, Dr Nick Sutton explains caste as follows...

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